The new research, released by the UK-based Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD) on Tuesday, found that in the three days following the attack, the absolute number of antisemitic comments on conflict-related YouTube videos increased by 4963% when compared to the previous three days.

Part of this surge can be explained by an increase in the number of videos focusing on Israel and Gaza published on the platform. But the proportion of antisemitic comments had still ballooned by a daily average of 247% after fighting broke out, according to the ISD.

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Comments contained dehumanising language, including comparisons between Israelis and Nazis, conspiracy theories - ranging from the idea that Jewish people control the media, as well as political and financial institutions, to the claim that the Hamas attack was a ‘false flag’ planted by Israel - and direct threats to Jewish figures and officials.

These included the use and circulation of graphic images and calls for violence against Jewish officials.

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The 15,720 anti-semitic comments it found on YouTube videos represented a nearly 51-fold increase in the absolute volume of such remarks. During the same period, the data also showed a 2.4 times surge in the overall proportion of antisemitic messages.